The Canadian government is intensifying efforts to limit the number of study permits issued to international students and is introducing stricter criteria for work permit eligibility.

“We’re granting 35% fewer international student permits this year, and next year, that figure will drop by another 10%,” stated Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.

“While immigration benefits our economy, we will crack down when the system is exploited, especially by those who take advantage of students.”

These actions are designed to reduce the number of temporary residents in Canada, a decision made as Trudeau’s Liberal government faces mounting political pressure. Currently behind in public opinion polls and reeling from a significant by-election loss, the government has prioritized immigration and temporary residency as central political issues ahead of a federal election, expected by October 2025.

Canada tightens immigration policies
The government plans to cut the number of study permits issued to international students to 437,000 by 2025, a sharp decline from the 509,390 permits granted in 2023. In the first seven months of 2024, 175,920 study permits were already issued.
Additionally, the government is imposing stricter conditions for work permits, especially for the spouses of students and temporary foreign workers. These changes form part of a wider initiative to enhance visa integrity, aimed at preventing fraud and curbing non-genuine visitors.

“Not everyone who wishes to come to or stay in Canada will be able to,” said Immigration Minister Marc Miller, underlining the government’s intent to enforce tougher residency and visa regulations.

The Trudeau administration has committed to reducing the temporary resident population to 5% of Canada’s total population, down from 6.8% in April. Although inflation reached the Bank of Canada’s target of 2% in August, public sentiment continues to link migration to economic challenges.

New Delhi: Seven years after the expiration of the investment treaty between India and Russia, the two nations have initiated talks to swiftly finalize a new agreement aimed at boosting investments and business cooperation, according to officials from both sides.

Virtual negotiations for the new investment treaty took place on July 18-19, shortly after the matter was discussed during a meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Vladimir Putin in Moscow on July 9. Both countries agreed to expedite the process of finalizing an agreement to promote and protect investments, officials said on condition of anonymity.

A joint statement issued following the India-Russia Summit in July revealed that the two leaders had instructed officials to begin negotiations on signing a bilateral free trade agreement in investments and services. They also set a bilateral trade target of $100 billion by 2030.

“India and Russia conduct trade in local currencies, the rupee and rouble, and bilateral merchandise trade has seen significant growth. India’s exports to Russia increased by over 35% in FY24 compared to FY23,” an official noted.

“Similarly, Russian imports, primarily petroleum, grew by more than 32%. The booming trade between the two countries is paving the way for expansion into other areas such as trade in services and foreign direct investment,” the official added.

While no specific timeline has been set for concluding the treaty, both sides are aiming to finalize it as soon as possible, officials said.

A second official stated that the countries are “close to moving forward” with the investment treaty, calling it an opportune time to take concrete steps to ensure investment protection. The proposed treaty is expected to enhance mutual investment prospects, he added.

“This is a crucial step toward further strengthening trade and investment ties. Numerous business delegations from Russia have visited India to explore opportunities in sectors such as energy, petrochemicals, infrastructure, construction, and railways,” the second official remarked.

India and Russia had previously set a target of $50 billion in total bilateral investments by 2025, after surpassing $30 billion in 2018. “Investors from both countries share common interests in specific sectors where they can complement each other within the value chain. For example, India is interested in the upstream oil and gas sector, while Russia is focused on India’s downstream sector,” explained a third official.

India has also expressed interest in investing in Russia’s Far East region, the northern sea route, and sectors such as energy, infrastructure, and shipbuilding, particularly ice-class vessels capable of navigating sea ice, officials said.

Other areas of mutual interest include pharmaceuticals, steel, and banking. Russia has invited Indian investors to participate in high-tech projects in its Far East, while India has encouraged Russian investors to establish manufacturing facilities in greenfield industrial cities under its industrial corridor program.

With a bilateral trade target of $30 billion by 2025, merchandise trade between India and Russia surpassed $65 billion in 2023-24, with a trade balance of approximately $57 billion in Russia’s favor.

India exported goods worth $1.74 billion in the first four months of the current fiscal year, showing 32% year-on-year growth. Russia’s exports to India rose by 20.3%, reaching $23.78 billion between April and July 2024.

“Russia is keen to invest part of its trade surplus in India, recognizing the country’s fast-growing economy,” the first official said.

A bilateral investment treaty with Russia, based on a model agreement from 1993, was signed in December 1994 and came into force in August 1996. India terminated this agreement in April 2017, along with several other bilateral investment pacts, according to the third official. The 1993 model text had significant shortcomings, including provisions that were open to broad and ambiguous interpretations by arbitral tribunals, he noted.

Investment treaties are legal agreements between two countries designed to ensure fair and equitable treatment of foreign investments, providing them with the same rights as domestic companies. Using the 1993 model, India signed treaties with 83 countries by 2015, with 74 of these agreements coming into force.

India first encountered problems with the 1993 model in 2011, when it received an adverse ruling in the White Industries Australia Ltd case. This, along with a rise in international arbitrations, led to a revision of the model text, which was adopted in 2015. Following this revision, India terminated investment treaties with 77 of the 83 countries with which it had agreements.